Chapter II　Know the essence of human nature and society

（１）Man is a creature that fights for life.

【Summary】
　We can say that life is a battle between desire and reason that suppresses it.
　Sometimes the exact opposite commands come from the same brain: "I want that, I want to do this" and "Don't do that, be patient." It may seem contradictory, but both come from my own honest feelings.
　Business is done to satisfy human desires. It means that people provide what others want. In that sense, it is easier to do business with a subject whose desires are large and easy to understand. However, as an individual, if you put your desires too front and center, you will appear greedy. Business aims to satisfy desires, but individually you don't want to put desires too front and center. It's very important to understand this delicate relationship. In other words, to be successful in business, you need to have a solid understanding of the human desire and reason .

　Everyone has a different balance between the strength of desire and the strength of reason. For example, a person with strong desire and weak reason is a linear type close to instinct. On the other hand, a person with strong reason can be described as the type who acts on the basis of theory. When you think about it in this way, you may want to have a relationship with a person with strong reason if possible, and you may want to refrain from having a relationship with a person with exposed desires.
　There are many factors in the formation of reason, and there is no doubt that "education" plays an important role among them. The kind of education we receive changes how we suppress our desires and how we reason.
　Recently, globalization has advanced, and the educational policy seems to be changing to one that is conscious of the world, but one of the characteristics of Japanese education is "cooperation." Although the word has a wide range of meanings, Japanese cooperation is an image of mutual concession and harmony.
　By stepping back, you may achieve your own wishes as a result. On the other hand, if you take a "go first" attitude, your character will be questioned by those around you, which can lead to loss as a result. It's not uncommon for people to think you're tactfully rushing ahead, only to have their feet scooped before they know it.
　I think Japanese cooperation is a great way of thinking that leads to peace. The principle of the business world is "competition," but we want to be as conscious of "cooperation" as possible in our daily lives.
　Another thing that can be said to be Japanese is "patience." When I say that patience is a Japanese virtue, it may be dismissed as an old way of thinking, but the reaction from other countries was surprise and admiration, for example, at the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake, when we were able to maintain order without major riots. And some media even introduced the spirit of "patience" as "Gaman (Japanese word for patience)". Some languages have no appropriate translation for "Gaman".
　I think patience is one good weapon. Of course, I don't mean it as a weapon to be used in battle, but as a great advantage in social life.
　Life is not always good. It can be painful or unreasonable. It is important to be patient, to stop and wait for the bad times to pass.
　Patience, so to speak, means doing nothing. When a problem occurs, the "do nothing and be patient" approach is probably not the best solution. But the reality is that there are times in life when you should be patient. The image is that like the fury of nature. It is hard to resist and there is nothing that can be done about it, so we must first be patient and humbly endure until we are able to move.

　All business operates on the basis of rational thought. Many things outside of business also value rationality, but there are other worlds that do not pursue rationality, such as Karate, Judo, Japanese tea ceremony and Flower arrangements. We need to understand that human behavior is not always rational.

　Equality is a concept created by humans, and non-human animals should not be aware of it. They live by instinct and the laws of nature. Equality does not exist unless man deliberately creates it.
　　The idea of equality was created in the first place to prevent conflict. In other words, there is no need to be equally sensitive if there is no fear of conflict.
　　For example, in a buffet-style restaurant, you can eat as much as you want without worrying about the spirit of equality. But if you have more than one person who wants to eat a piece of cake, you need to divide it equally in the spirit of equality. If you ignore the spirit of equality and eat it freely, it will be a source of conflict.
　The greatest force for equality is the law. Modern laws are made with the utmost awareness of "justice and equality." Laws are made thinking about how to prevent certain people from losing or gaining, and how to decide in detail how to treat exceptions. However, justice can change depending on the situation and position. Unfortunately, we can not make perfect laws that are immortal.

　The law is well written, and if there is a dispute, the spirit of equality is rooted because it is considered in court over time, but when it comes to a company (workplace), the sense of equality is much lower. Certain rules, such as those based on the Labor Standards Act, are equal, but it is not easy to properly determine work-related evaluations and the associated salaries.
　There are a lot of things in the world that don't make sense. There's nothing wrong with trying to solve each one by bringing up the spirit of equality. But you need to know that some themes require a lot of work.
　It's important to take a sober approach to equality, understanding that there are things that can change, things that don't change, and things that need to change as you pursue them.

　When people think about achieving something, they consider how to achieve it. If the method isn't right, it's hard to achieve the goal.
　So what exactly is the right way?
　The answer is: Whether you are following the laws of nature.
　For example, you can tell a pleasant story for the purpose of pleasing someone. Or you can give something they want as a gift. But you don't beat someone suddenly to please them. In other words, a pleasant story or present is a behavior that follows the laws of nature to please humans, but beating someone is out of the question.
　 It is not an exaggeration to say that the success rate for a purpose is "how much you understand the laws of nature."
　It is important to understand the laws of nature as knowledge and to execute them in a timely manner when necessary. And understanding is enhanced by actually experiencing each law.
　Now, a variety of information is easily available from the Internet. You don't have to remember all the knowledge in your head, just feel free to look it up when you need it. In other words, you can easily get information about various natural laws.
　Natural laws are open to everyone. Finding what you need out of the miscellaneous information can be a daunting task, but make full use of the laws of nature to achieve a variety of goals.

【Summary】
　Competition is taking place in all aspects of society. And competition results in winners and losers. However, if you keep playing, the winners and losers may switch, so once you win, you can't let your guard down.
　In order to live in a competitive world, you need to have the strength to put your mind to one game and the strength to keep fighting. You also need to remember that a winner comes with responsibility as well as the joy and rewards of winning. The winner is the strong. The strong get people's attention. And they're expected.
　When I was a kid, I yearned for a winner without thinking. For example, you must have seen superheroes like Superman and Batman and thought they were cool. But as you grow up with life experience, some people think you don't necessarily have to be a winner. We don't want to be the bad guy, but when you understand the struggles of superheroes and the amount of responsibility it's not unusual to think that you don't want to be superheroes either.
　It is no exaggeration to say that the history of mankind is a history of competition. Perhaps for this reason, the consensus is that competition is never a bad thing. I don't think competition is a bad thing either. But I also think it is good to live a life that avoids competition.
　 It's a little rough to take ambition as a great human instinct and absolutely encourage competition as a sign of it. Aspiration may be a human instinct, but satisfying it isn't always right. On the other hand, if everyone could quit the competition and become "satisfied with the status quo," many of humanity's current problems would be solved.
　But reality is different.
　The important thing is to know what kind of competition you have around you, and to calmly decide which of them you want or should participate in. There is a risk of competing and a risk of not. A competition you like and participate in is fun, but a competition you don't feel like is painful and a source of stress. However, it is difficult to judge because some competitions are better to participate even if they are painful.
　 If you think about your personality, dreams and life plan comprehensively and choose the competition you should participate in correctly, you will be able to live a comfortable life that is unique and less stressful.

　Every rule has a manufactured reason. The question "Why do we have these rules" must always have an answer. If many people don't agree with the answer, the rule is flawed.
　When making rules, you want to be careful to consider whether they will achieve the purpose. A simple example is the "fine for littering" or "fine for graffiti on public property" rule (law). I think it's a familiar rule in every country in the world, but littering and graffiti don't seem to go away just by the power of fines. Rather, there are success examples of reducing littering and graffiti by tackling the beautification of towns, taking advantage of the psychology of not wanting to pollute clean places. It is not the power of fines, but a way of skillfully using human psychology.
　The rule of always speaking more than once during a meeting, which is designed to stimulate the meeting to come up with fresh ideas, is another rule that is likely to fail. This rule might be useful to give everyone a chance to speak and get used to speaking in public, but forcing everyone to speak doesn't necessarily produce fresh ideas.
　 If a rule you've made doesn't achieve its purpose, it's just one more cumbersome rule.
　Another important part of making rules is to make them easy to understand. If the content of the rules is difficult to understand, the chances of them being followed are naturally low. The purpose and outline of the rules should be clearly summarized and the details set out separately, or illustrations and diagrams should be used effectively to make it easier to get into the head.
　No matter what rules you make, they are meaningless unless people are willing to follow them. The basis of rulemaking is to think about the people who has to follow the rules.

　You could say that people are generally conservative. We fear that our present lives will be negatively changed in response to new attempts and changes. But we also know that good changes enrich lives.
　Human development has come about through a variety of new endeavors and changes, but even the most wonderful changes could not spread without endorsement from many people. On the contrary, even if it is a bad change, if it has the support of many people, it will take hold.
　 It takes a certain amount of time before an evaluation of whether the new attempt was good. When changing something, it can be difficult to decide whether to support the new proposal. But one thing certain is that we should be cautious about extreme changes. For example, if the result of a radical reform is "great," we praise the leader's judgment. But we must not forget that there are many examples where radical reforms have resulted in worse outcomes than before.
　The bolder the reforms, the more important to repeat explanations in a respectful manner and respond to each person's questions. A polite explanation moves the people involved. Reforms will be one step closer to success when many people feel that it will change for the better. I think it is important to think of novel and bold ideas for purpose, but the process of implementing them needs to be especially carefully planned.
　Also, an important attitude when considering whether to accept new rules is to understand that there is no shame in changing your mind along the way. Once you "disagree" you don't necessarily have to stick to your opposition. The important thing is to get the right information and think hard for yourself.

　By the way, it's important to note that even conservative, change-cautious people can lose their reason when money making or beauty is involved. It's important to keep in mind that money, health, and beauty aren't easily available without effort.
　Also, while people are generally cautious about change, once you trust them, you can become blind. Fan psychology may be close to that. When making any decision, keep a cool head and keep an objective eye on things. Only when you understand it from an objective point of view can you make the best decision for yourself.

【Summary】
　I think there have been a lot of situations where your ability has been evaluated. When we were a student, we had exams on a daily basis. And when we grow up there are many kinds of evaluations especially in the business world. At home, it is important how much housework and childcare you can do.
　Why do we evaluate people's abilities so much and care about the results?
　I'm sure there are many opinions, but I think it's about "getting the right person in the right place."
　For example, when it comes to work, the right person in the right place is the ideal shape for both the company and employees. It's great to be able to demonstrate your abilities where they are needed.
　The right person is important outside of work as well. For example, in team sports, who plays what role (position) is an important factor that is directly linked to winning and losing. When you think about it broadly, it is natural for organizations and groups that have a division of roles to be aware of the right person in the right place.
　Even if it is an organization with low individual abilities, if everyone works hard in the right place, results will be maximized. And also, being recognized in the right place is gratifying and motivates you to work harder.

　 People instinctively wander in search of their right place. They look for a place or relationship that is needed by the other person. For example, a job or a relationship. When there is a negative change, you want to leave and act in search of another right job or person.
　People make the effort to find a place that are comfortable for themself.

【Summary】
　You may think that feelings of "like" and "dislike" are determined by absolute evaluation, but in fact, relative evaluation is the basis.
　For example, let's say you eat a cake for the first time and felt "Great!" You felt that the cake was great in your own opinion. But what if you eat a better cake afterwards? The value of the first cake will drop a little. If you eat 10 different kinds of cake that taste better than the first one, your first cake should no longer be "Great!" You might end up with a "normal" rating. 　

　The same can be said for relationships. Even if you think you like someone, there's a chance someone you like more will show up. Or, a change in environment or relationship may reduce the level of liking.
　The level of liking may drop if left unchecked, so it's important to stimulate your feelings of liking for the person you want to be liked. You should develop the relationship by being kinder in a slightly different way or by creating new happy memories. The feelings of like and dislike are always in motion. To maintain a good relationship, it's important to update the sense of liking.
　There is one more important thing about like and dislike. Experiences that significantly change one's thinking can change one's standards for likes and dislikes.
　For example, if you were living in peace went to a country in war and saw fighting and poverty, it would be a great shock to you. And you might doubt your previous values and see new ones springing up in yourself as if your personality had changed.
　Even without these extreme examples, a highly stimulating encounter or experience can have more than a small effect on your like or dislike.

【Summary】
　People always have some kind of expectation and evaluations of their surroundings.
　They may have expectations and evaluations not only for people they are involved with on a daily basis, but also for people they do not know, such as celebrities or athletes they support.
　Not only for people, but also for objects, they have certain expectations before using them and evaluate them in their own way after using them. For example, you should have high expectations when you first use an expensive new product. And you'll be judged on how you feel after using it.
　In the back of your mind, you have expectations not only for something new, but for something as a daily lunch at the diner you usually go to.
　People are always expecting and evaluating.
　We also know very well that each of us is subject to expectations and evaluation. And when we are expected by something, we try to meet the expectations. If the expectation is somethings easy, you can act on it right away. What annoys us is that sometimes our own abilities or thinking don't match the expectations.
A good example is the scene of a child rebelling against his parents. Parents' expectations can become a burden on children and lead to rebellion. As long as the parents' level of expectation is acceptable to the child, it's fine, but the parents are so intense in their love that they can't help over expecting and instructing.
　The same goes for setting goals that are too high at work. The ideal goal is something you can achieve with appropriate effort. If you can achieve it with just a little more effort than you have now, you will probably be working on the positives. And if achieving your goals leads to an "ideal self" on the job, this can be a good way to kill two birds with one stone. But with goals you're unlikely to achieve, you may give up on them from the start.
　Expectations and evaluations are almost instincts in human society. In order for this instinct to function properly, we need to understand the nature of the other person. Viewed the other way around, it's important to always behave naturally and let the other person understand your nature.
　The greater the emotional involvement, affection, or interest (money) factor, the greater the expectations. It will be sad if people don’t except anything from you, but we need to know that excessive expectations can lead to unhappiness.

【Summary】
　People do a lot of things to satisfy themselves. We also act to the satisfaction of others.
　 If you're eating alone, it will be for your own satisfaction, but if you're eating with their people for example your children, conscious of satisfaction will be for both yourself and your children.
　There are many purposes for working in a company, but the underlying purpose is the satisfaction of yourself, the people involved, and the company.
　Every action is done to satisfy someone, and the first person you want to satisfy is yourself. For example, even parents who put their children's happiness (satisfaction) first can see themselves as satisfied when their children are happy. And that leads to their own satisfaction. When you get right down to it, there is no denying that people are self-centered. However, that does not mean that you can live life with an unabashedly self-first attitude.
　Prioritizing your own satisfaction can result in a worse situation. To avoid this, remember that the background of your own satisfaction is the cooperation and kindness of others. It is important to realize that the realization of your own satisfaction and the realization of the satisfaction of others are complementary relationships.

　A society in which there is a good balance between one's own satisfaction and the satisfaction of others, i.e., everyone is equally satisfied, is ideal. In reality, however, there are many instances in which each person's satisfaction is not uniform based on the theory of the weak and the strong.
　It is not easy to create a situation in which everyone is equally satisfied. But when you become a leader, you should work for not only your own satisfaction but also the satisfaction of others. The leader has to figure out how to achieve it and create a situation where many people will be satisfied.

（４）Humans are similar. They want what they want them to do.

【Summary】
　The first step in a relationship is trust.
　It may be an exaggeration, but the reason you can shake hands with someone you've never met before is because you have a relationship of trust that they will not suddenly harm you. If, for the first time, you come face to face with a member of a tribe living in the wilderness without warning, you won't be able to shake hands easily. There is no trust between them, so it's natural to be wary of each other. However, even people from tribes with very different values can develop good relationships if you can build trust.
　Trust begins with understanding each other. You get to know the other person's personality and way of thinking, and you sense the parts that you empathize with or that are different from you. If there's something you just can't agree with, you may not get close, but you should still be able to build a level of trust by being honest and direct.

　Organizations perform well when there's trust between members. Trust leads to compassion and care. In an organization where trust is established, everyone has the mindset that if you make a mistake, someone will definitely help. If you are in such an organization with high psychological safety, you can work with peace of mind. And this peace of mind will help you achieve your goals.
On the other hand, organizations of people who focus on their own goals and responsibilities and don't care much about others don't have enough trust.
　To build a good organization, we need to build a culture of mutual interest early on and teamwork to make sure that if someone makes a mistake, it will be repaired. When you think about it this way, you can tell the level of trust in the team by the way they deal with failure rather than success.
　In order for everyone to be comfortable in an organization, we want to value good relationships centered on trust, which is difficult to stipulate by rules alone.

（４）Be aware of the freshness of information.

【Summary】
　I'm sure you've heard the saying, "Those who controls information controls 〇〇." Inside the 〇〇 are battles, business, the world, everything, and so on.
　When you have this control over information, you have an advantage in many ways. That's where information manipulation comes in.
　For example, in TV commercials, people work hard to highlight the merits of their products. But viewers will not believe in commercials delusional because you know their purpose.
　What about the following?
・A third party praised a product on social media.
・Famous personalities who are sensitive to trends and trends gave high marks.
・University research institutes compared various products and gave high marks.
・You happened to hear a conversation in which a high school girl appreciated the product.

　All of the above may have genuinely thought the product was really good and gave it a high rating. But all of them may also be attempting to manipulate information. Third parties and famous personalities may in fact be paid for appealing to the public for their high ratings. University research institutes should never publish research results that differ from the facts, but it is possible to give a favorable evaluation to sponsors by using expressions that do not contradict the facts. In the case of a high school girl, it may be a product of the company her father runs.
　Writing like this makes it hard to know what to believe. There is no need to be skeptical, but the possibility is that they may all be manipulated information.
　For example, when it comes to your daily fashion or gastronomy, a little influence from information manipulation will not cause any major problems (damage). However, when making an important decision, you need to carefully judge the accuracy of the information needed to make good decision. When you're making decisions about something that's expensive, affects a lot of people, or can't be redone, it's important to be double-checked about the information you have.

　Another thing to be aware of when it comes to information is "words."
　Information is mainly conveyed by "words." Also, people think in "words." Even in silence, we use words in our heads when we think about something. In other words, the quality of information and the speed of its transmission depend on what kind of word we use.
　For example, what happens when we express "cone" without using the word cone? The shape of an open umbrella, a tea strainer with a pointed bottom, the bottom part of a soft ice cream ・・・ None of them really hit the spot. If you say "I'm looking for a conical lamp" when you're shopping, you'll get the message right away, but if you don't know the word conical, you'll have trouble communicating.
　People think in words, so if you know a lot of words, your brain can process information efficiently.
When sending out information, it is important to think about the recipient side and use simple words in some cases, but when processing with your own brain, you want to be able to use many words and perform well.

【Feeling short】

【Feeling long】

【Summary】
　We can say that there is a proper time for every action.
　For example, 6 to 9 hours of sleep. 3 hours is too short. 12 hours makes you tired of sleeping.
　Whether it's mealtime, exercise time, or study time, there's an appropriate time for everything, even if it's a little different for everyone. The appropriate time is based on human physiological factors.
　To use your time efficiently, you need to know your optimal time for action. And if all of your actions are based on optimal time accumulation, you'll be very efficient. It should also reduce stress and lead to better health.

　Even if you understand how to allocate your time properly, you still might have trouble stopping "fun times." For example, fun parties tend to last a long time. Or you know that too much of your favorite game is bad for your eyes, shoulders, and lower back, and you'll get less sleep, but you can't stop.
　A good time is a beneficial time in itself. But if you exceed the appropriate time, you will feel tired. You may need more rest than expected to relieve your fatigue. Working while you're still tired will result in poor performance.
It can be difficult to cut up a good time with the right amount of time, but it is important to make the most of your time throughout your life.

　In order to control your time well and live a comfortable life, you need to be aware of a change of pace. The idea is to make your current behavior and your next behavior different types so that you feel refreshed. For example, if you have an errand to go out next to a desk job, it's a refreshing change. A meeting after a desk job might be a change of pace. The key is to adjust the order of your actions so that eye fatigue, speech fatigue, and body fatigue don't continue. If you don't have control over your work schedule, taking a well-timed break can be an important change of pace.
　A skillful embrace of a change of pace can help you focus on each topic. Also, incorporating different kinds of behaviors can help you sharpen and feel like you've done a lot.
In order to make the most of your time, it's important to think about a plan of action that suits you, including taking breaks.

（４）Assume risk and bear risk.

【Examples of risks in daily life】

【Examples of risks in relationships】

（５）Knowledge, experience, and effort reduce risk and increase success rates.

【Summary】
　Even if you just live a normal life, there are many risks lurking around you. Some of them are due to your own mistakes, others are like interference from others. Some are luck or natural disasters.
　 It is impossible to reduce the risk to zero, but you can try to anticipate and prevent the worst outcomes. Some may think that the worst outcomes are rare, but there are many things in the world that have turned out to be the worst.
　 For example, a factory disaster or a transportation accident resulting in injury or death is the worst outcome.
　There are multiple ways to prevent a disaster in a factory or transportation system, and the people involved are trained to do so. However, simple carelessness, aggressive attainment of goals, and cost-consciousness can get in the way, leading to the worst possible outcomes.
　Even in everyday life, people can make the worst choices (words and actions).
　Sometimes we end up saying things we should never say. I think you'll understand if you remember some of the incredible statements made by politicians and entertainers. And there have been instances of people being expelled from work for their comments. We can prevent this from happening if we had been aware of the worst statements and actions beforehand. I don't think it's a difficult thing to do.
　In general, you're more likely to act your worst when you're in trouble or don't have time. Lying about your work goals because you can't achieve them, cheating because you don't know the answer to a test, stealing because you don't have money, etc. Never let your guard down as someone else's problem. Any one mistake can ruin your life.

　The definition of happiness, "Having a theme you want to do for fun and doing it" is also risky. You need to be aware that you're not bothering others or putting pressure on your life. For example, a sound or smell that feels good to you can be annoying to others. In sports, if you push yourself too hard, you will get injured. If you continue for a long time because everything is fun, you may lose sleep and affect your work.
　It's important to recognize that every action has risks, and to be aware on a daily basis not to make the worst choices in particular.